The history of Persia, so far as its inhabitants know it, begins with a legendary dynasty, termed Pishdadian or "Early Law Givers". The founder of this was Keiomarz, the Zoroastrian¹ Adam, who, with his two successors Hushang and Tahmurz, is supposed to have laid the foundation of civilization in Iran.

Jamshid and Zohak [Zahhák]

.... The most famous of these legendary monarchs was Jamshid.² To his credit is placed the building of Persepolis - termed to this day Takht-i-Jamshid or "The Throne of Jamshid" - the introduction of the solar year, and the invention of most of the arts and sciences on which civilization is based.³ His invention of wine is stated to have been due to an accident. He had preserved some grapes which fermented and were believed to be dangerous to life. One of the wives of Jamshid was suffering from a painful malady and drank the fermented beverage in the belief that she would die; but, on the contrary, she fell into a delightful sleep and was cured. Persians from this date have termed wine "sweet poison" ....

Jamshid, after reigning for many years, was uplifted with pride. He became a tyrant and declared himself a god. For his impiety the mystical Glory or Royal Splendour was lost by the great monarch, as we read in the XIX^th Yasht:

Ere he first to lies and untruth
Bent his thought and tongue...
Then before all eyes the Glory
Bird-like fled away from Yima.

Zohak, a Syrian prince, was incited by the Heavenly powers to attack him, and although he fled to Sistan, India, and even to distant China, he was in the end made captive by his relentless foe. He was put to a barbarous death, being fastened between two boards and sawn in two with the backbone of a fish. Zohak, at whose hands he perished so miserably, and who conquered Persia, is legendary, the name being a corruption of the primeval serpent, Aji-Dahak. In Persian legend he is represented as an Arab prince invading Persia from Syria, and as a monster from whose shoulders hissing snakes grew. The daily rations of these snakes consisted of the brains of two human beings; and the levying of this blood-tax led to the overthrow of the invader.

Kawa, a blacksmith, whose sons had been doomed to feed the snakes, excited a popular rising, and seeking out Feridun, a scion of the royal race, set him at the head of it. After many campaigns, during which the blacksmith's apron⁴ was used as the royal standard, Zohak was captured and chained up inside the crater of Mount Demavand [Mount Damávand], there to undergo a lingering death...

According to the legendary history, Feridun had three sons. To Selm he gave the West, to Tur the East (henceforward termed Turan); while to his youngest son, Erij [Iraj], he promised the throne of Persia after his own death. This arrangement, not unnaturally, was displeasing to the elder brothers, who threatened to invade Persia to make good their demands. Erij visited his brothers and offered to resign his rights to the throne, hoping by this means to avoid civil war during the last days of his father's reign. Selm and Tur, however, resolved to put Erij to death, and refused to listen to his pathetic pleading for life, which as given by Firdausi [Ferdowsi], runs:

Will ye ever let it be recorded
That ye, possessing life, deprive others of that blessing?

Pain not the ant that drags the grain along the ground;
It has life, and life is sweet and pleasant to all who possess it.

Erij was murdered and... his head was embalmed and sent to the aged Feridun, who was unable to avenge the crime. Some years passed and Manuchehr, son of Erij, grew up and "attended by armies and clad in steel", killed both his uncles in single combat.

Manuchehr succeeded his grandfather, and his chief adviser was Sam, Prince of Sistan, who with his son Zal and his still more famous grandson Rustam, the Hercules of Persia, fills the stage of Persian legend, even the kings playing but secondary parts. None of these figures appear in the Indo-Iranian legends; but it is quite likely that they embody a nucleus of truth, which succeeding generations overlaid with much fiction; and the genius of Firdausi welded the whole into a grand epic. It is related that Zal was born with white hair, which convinced Sam that the infant was not his own, but the offspring of a Div.⁵ Consequently, he gave orders to expose it on Mount Elburz [Mount Alborz]; but it was nourished by the Simurgh, a fabulous mythical bird, and after a while Sam, hearing a divine voice, repented his conduct and recovered his son. Zal grew up to be a mighty warrior, and when hunting in the wilds of what is now Afghanistan, came to a castle where he saw Rudabah, the beautiful daughter of Mehrab, King of Kabul. It was a case of love at first sight on both sides, and the ardent lover scaled his mistress's tower by using her long tresses as a rope.

Rustam the Champion

The offspring of the marriage of Zal and Rudabah was Rustam, the great champion of Iran, whose fabulous exploits as a warrior, and a hunter still loom immense in the minds of Persians. Closely connected with the hero was his horse Raksh, whose size and courage are legendary; in Sistan, ruins situated a mile apart are pointed out as having been the "manger" and "heel-ropes" of Raksh!

Rustam's prowess was mainly displayed in the wars waged between Turan and Iran, which began after the death of Manuchehr and the accession of his unworthy son Nozar, and lasted for more than a generation. The Turanian leader was Afrasiab, who slew Nozar and ruled Persia for twelve years, and this period of gloom saw the end of the Pishdadian Dynasty.

The Keianian Dynasty

We now come to what is the first historical, or perhaps semi-historical dynasty, known as the Keianian. Today there is a family of chiefs in Sistan who claim descent from this illustrious stock, although... it seems more likely that they are descended from the Saffar Dynasty. In India some of the Parsi families make the same claim, which is generally conceded.

The first monarch of this dynasty was Kei Kobad [Kei Qobád], a lineal descendant of Manuchehr, whose retreat was the Alborz range, and who was brought from his place of retirement by Rustam. The great champion now took the field against the hereditary foe for the first time and covered himself with glory by defeating Afrasiab in single combat, from which, however, the Turanian monarch escaped alive because the girdle by which he was held gave way. Thereafter peace was concluded on equal terms, and it was agreed that the Oxus should remain the boundary of Iran, as before.

Kei Kaus, who succeeded his father, invaded Mazandaran against the advice of his councillors, and was there defeated in a great battle by the Div-i-Sufid [Div-e Sefid] or "White Div"... During the battle the army was struck with blindness, and it is reasonable to see in this legend a reference to the eclipse which occurred during the battle between Cyaxares and the Lydians.... This being so, we may to some extent identify Kei Kobad with Deiokes and Kei Kaus with Cyaxares. But it would be a mistake to press the matter too far, and there is no resemblance in the name.

Sohrab [Sohráb] and Rustam

Afrasiab again invaded Persian, and again Rustam was the protagonist. To this Period is assigned the famous and tragic combat between Rustam and his unknown son...

The next incident in the drama is that of Siawush, heir to Kei Kaus, who deserted his father's court... He took refuge with Afrasiab, who at first received him as an honoured guest. A few years later, however, false charges were brought against the young prince, and he was executed; but his infant son Kei Khusru was hidden and ultimately restored to Persia, where he succeeded to the throne.

Kei Khusru [Kei Khosroe]- not Cyrus the Great

Many European writers on Persia, and almost all Persians who have heard of Cyrus the Great, identify him with Kei Khusru; but the theory, pleasing as it is, cannot stand, for the simple reason that this Kei Khusru is the Kava Husrava of Indo-Iranian legend, and belongs to a period before the dawn of history. After several dramatic changes of fortune, Kei Khusru, thanks mainly to Rustam, defeated Afrasiab. He was taken captive and put to death in revenge for the death of Siawush...

Lohrasp, who succeeded Kei Khusru, after ruling for some years, resigned the throne to Gushtasp, who was Zoroaster's royal convert and patron. Again wars with Turan followed, and again Persian forces suffered great reverses, in the course of which Lohrasp, the old king, and Zoroaster were killed at Balkh.

Isfandiar

On this occasion Isfandiar, whom his father Gushtasp had imprisoned, came to the rescue and recovered not only the lost provinces of Persia but also the famous national standard. Isfandiar had been promised the throne by Gushtasp, who falsely proclaimed his intention of following the example of Lohrasp. When he claimed it, he was persuaded by his crafty sire to accept the mission of bringing Rustam, who was alleged to have thrown off his allegiance, to the foot of the throne in bonds. Again heroic combats ensued, and again the Champion of Persia slew his adversary winning threby his last great fight. A few years later he fell into a pit prepared by his treacherous brother and there ended his heroic life.

Gushtasp was succeeded by his grandson Bahman, who is known to history as Artaxerxes Longimanus, the Latin equivalent of Ardeshir Dirazdast (Ardeshir the Long Arm). According to Firdausi, this monarch made a speciality of keeping himself informed about affairs of his empire through secret agents. He was also, according to the same authority, a great conqueror ....

Here this description of early Persian history as known to Persians, maybe concluded ....

.... The Heroic period of the history of Iran is mainly legendary, and although towards its close we are dealing with historical personages, it is obscured by the mists of fantastic myth ....

1- Zoroastrianism : Religion of ancient Persia, founded by Zoroaster, (circa 628-circa 551 B.C.) reputed author of the GAthAs, which is the oldest and holiest part of the Avesta (Zoroastrian scriptures).

2- The first portion of the name is identical with that of Yama or Yima, Shid signifies brilliant.

3- The Persian argument runs that whoever erected the buildings at Persepolis and Pasargadae must have been aided by the Divs. As only Jamshid and Solomon had power over them, they alone could have built these gigantic works.

4- The apron, richly adorned with jewels, became the royal standard of Persia, and was known as the Durufsh-i-Kawani [Derafsh-e Káveiáni].

5- Div : Demon.